The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) will come out with its decision on April 5 on key interest rates.

As per Moneycontrol’s poll of at least 21 economists, bankers, and fund managers, the MPC is likely to maintain a status quo in the April monetary policy and remain cautious about inflation.

The majority of experts said that the central bank will maintain its ‘Withdrawal of Accommodation’ stance. However, one economist said it will be changed to neutral.

Here is an explainer for you to understand some key terms in the monetary policy review.

What is the repo rate?

The repo rate is an interest rate at which the RBI provides liquidity under the liquidity adjustment facility (LAF) to banks against the collateral of government and other approved securities.

Currently, the repo rate is at 6.50 percent.

In its February monetary policy, the central bank kept the repo rate unchanged at 6.50 percent for the sixth consecutive time. The RBI has kept the repo rate unchanged since the April 2023 monetary policy. This was after inflation showed signs of moderating.

Standing Deposit Facility (SDF) Rate:

The SDF rate is a rate at which the RBI accepts uncollateralized deposits, on an overnight basis, from banks.

The SDF is also a financial stability tool in addition to its role in liquidity management. The SDF rate is placed at 25 basis points below the policy repo rate.

Currently, the SDF rate is at 6.25 percent.

SDF was introduced in April 2022, and it replaced the reverse repo rates as the floor of the LAF corridor.

Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) Rate:

The penal rate at which banks can borrow, on an overnight basis, from the central bank by dipping into their Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) portfolio up to a predefined limit (2 percent).

MSF rate currently stands at 6.75 percent.

This provides a safety valve against unanticipated liquidity shocks to the banking system. The MSF rate is placed at 25 basis points above the policy repo rate.

Fine Tuning Operations:

According to the RBI’s website, the main liquidity operation is supported by fine-tuning operations, overnight and/or longer tenor, to tide over any unanticipated liquidity changes during the reserve maintenance period.

In addition, the RBI conducts, if needed, longer-term variable rate repo/reverse repo auctions of more than 14 days.

Monetary policy stance

The rate-setting panel indicates its broader policy approach by guiding the markets with policy stances.

There are various stances such as accommodative, which means the central bank is prepared to expand the money supply to boost economic growth.

The second one is a ‘neutral stance’ that suggests that the central bank can either cut the rate or increase the rate. This stance is typically adopted when the policy priority is equal on both inflation and growth.

A hawkish stance indicates that the central bank’s top priority is to keep inflation low. During such a phase, the central bank is willing to hike interest rates to curb the money supply and thus reduce the demand.

Calibrated tightening means during the current rate cycle, a cut in the repo rate is off the table.

CPI Inflation

Consumer Price Index (CPI) based Inflation is a measure of changes in the price levels of goods and services purchased by households.

In February, India's headline retail inflation rate was almost unchanged at 5.09 percent, from 5.10 percent in January.

The inflation print in February was far above the central bank’s medium-term target of 4 percent.

According to the RBI's latest forecast, CPI inflation is seen at 5.4 percent for 2023-24 with Q4 at 5 percent.